TABLE OF
CONTENTS [ TOC
as a MS Word document]
Preface i
Abbreviations vi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Theoretical Foundation and Aims 1
1.2 Old Norse vs. Old Icelandic - What is What? 4
1.3 The Linguistic Data 7
1.4 Organization 10
PART 1: WORD ORDER AND
GRAMMAR
2. Old Norse Word Order
13
2.1 Preliminaries 13
2.2 Basic Word Order 14
2.3 Is there Any Basic Word Order in Old Norse? 15
2.4 Old Norse Word Order Variety 20
2.5 Word Order Change from SOV to SVO 24
2.6 Is Old Norse a Configurational Language? 30
2.7 Is Old Norse a 'Pure' VO Language? 37
2.8 Conclusion 42
3. Old Norse Grammar
46
3.1 Preliminaries 46
3.2 Verbal Inflection in Old Norse 47
3.2.1 Verb Classes 48
A. Strong Verbs 48
B. Weak Verbs 49
C. Reduplicative Verbs 50
D. Preterite-Present Verbs 51
3.2.2 Tense 51
3.2.3 Person 54
3.2.4 Number 55
3.2.5 Gender (Adjectival Inflection of the Verb) 55
3.2.6 Case (Adjectival Inflection of the Verb) 58
3.2.7 Voice 64
The Active Passive Correlation 64
Reflexive Verb Forms and the Medio Passive 69
3.2.8 Mood 71
A. Indicative 71
B. Subjunctive 71
C. Imperative 73
3.3 Nominal inflection in Old Norse 75
3.3.1 Gender and stems 76
3.3.2 Number 77
3.3.3 Case 77
A. Dative 77
B. Accusative 78
C. Genitive 79
D. Nominative 80
3.4 Valency 81
A. Avalent 81
B. Monovalent 81
C. Bivalent 82
D. Trivalent 82
4. A Generative Approach
to Old Norse 84
4.1 Preliminaries 84
4.1.1 Generative Grammar 89
4.1.2 Old Norse and Generative Grammar 95
4.1.3 The Study of 'Dead' Languages 95
4.1.4 Holmberg and Platzack (1995) 96
4.2 The Positions of Arguments in DS 98
4.2.1 The Position of the External Argument ('the Subject')
99
4.2.2 Internal Arguments - Object Positions 127
4.2.3 Summary 155
4.3 Surface Structure 160
4.3.1 The Positions of the External Argument in Surface Structure
161
4.3.1.1 [Spec, IP] - Subject per se 162
4.3.1.2 [Spec, CP] - Topicalization 164
4.3.1.3 [NP, VP] - Subject Shift 165
4.3.1.4 [Spec, VP] - Subject in situ 174
4.3.1.5 Summary 184
4.3.2 The Positions of Internal Arguments in Surface Structure
189
4.3.2.1 No Movement of Internal Argument(s) 192
4.3.2.2 Topicalization 200
4.3.2.3 Heavy NP Shift 203
4.3.2.4 Scrambling in Old Norse 208
4.3.2.5 Summary 245
4.3.3 Promotion of Internal Arguments to Subject 247
4.3.3.1 Passive Constructions 250
4.3.3.2 Ergative Constructions 276
4.3.3.3 Middle Constructions and other -st-verbs 322
A. Middles (Medio Passives) 322
B. Ergative -st-verbs ('Passives') 329
C. Reflexive and reciprocal -st-verbs 339
4.3.3.4 Copula Constructions 342
4.4 The Positions of Adverbials 367
4.5 Agreement and Tense 379
4.6 Empty Argument Positions and the Theory of pro 386
4.7 Stylistic Fronting, Topicalization, and Discontinuous
Phrases 404
Participles 415
Infinitives 416
Adjectives and quantifiers 421
Adverbs 437
Adverbs as verbal particles 440
Prepositions as verbal particles 443
Conclusion 457
4.8 Old Norse Word Order - Summary 459
PART 2: WORD ORDER AND
INFORMATION STRUCTURE
5. Old Norse Information
Structure 465
5.1 Preliminaries 465
5.2 Terminology and General Discussion 477
5.3 Right Dislocated 'Subjects' 488
5.3.2 Introduction 488
5.3.2 Modern Norwegian 'Right Copying' 491
5.3.3 Heavy NP Shift 493
5.3.4 A Formal GB Account 493
5.3.5 A Functional Account 496
5.3.6 A Formal Discussion on Why the Agent is Obligatory 506
5.3.7 The RDS Construction as a Strategy when 'True' Passive
is not Possible 508
5.3.8 Topic Promotion 515
5.3.9 Conclusion 520
5.4 Some Remarks on Scrambling in Old Norse 520
5.4.1 'Old' vs. 'New' Information and Accent Placement 520
5.4.2 Scrambling with Transitive Verbs 523
5.4.3 Scrambling with Ditransitive Verbs 542
5.4.4. Summary 552
5.5 Conclusion 553
6. Concluding Remarks 555
Sources and References
557
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